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01:18Boundary Layer Characteristics
When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
01:03Precipitation Gravimetry
Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
02:16Light Acquisition
In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
01:12Precipitation Processes
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
01:26Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling
During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
01:16Flame Photometry: Lab
In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
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Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 11, 2026
06:28
Field Measurement of Effective Leaf Area Index using Optical Device in Vegetation Canopy
Published on: July 29, 2021
Summary
Light detection and ranging (Lidar) uses laser pulses to detect small atmospheric particles, offering an optical alternative to radar. This technology analyzes backscattered light to measure atmospheric composition and range with high sensitivity.
Area of Science:
- Atmospheric optics and remote sensing.
- Optical physics and instrumentation.
Background:
- Lidar, or light detection and ranging, functions as the optical analog to meteorological radar.
- Optical wavelengths enable the detection of significantly smaller atmospheric particles compared to microwave wavelengths used in radar.
Purpose of the Study:
- To describe the fundamental principles and instrumentation of Lidar technology.
- To highlight Lidar's capability in detecting fine atmospheric particles.
Main Methods:
- Utilizes a laser as a power source to emit intense, short pulses of monochromatic light via a lens system.
- Employs a telescope coaligned with the transmitter to collect backscattered atmospheric light.
- A narrow-pass filter and photomultiplier detect the backscattered light, isolating the transmitted frequency.
Main Results:
- Demonstrates the capacity of Lidar to detect very small atmospheric particles due to its optical wavelength operation.
- Data visualization is achieved using an oscilloscope, displaying signal intensity against range (A-scope).
Conclusions:
- Lidar provides a sensitive method for atmospheric profiling by detecting fine particles.
- The described setup allows for detailed analysis of atmospheric backscatter.