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Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
The Fossil Record02:56

The Fossil Record

The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.The collection of fossils within sedimentary rocks give a record of common ancestry and often depicts the history of evolution.
Genetic Drift03:33

Genetic Drift

Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.Life is not fair. A deer grazing contentedly in a field can have her meal cut tragically short by a bolt of lightning. If the doomed doe is one of only three in the population, 1/3 of the population’s gene pool is lost. Random events like this can...
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Drift Velocity

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling
06:55

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling

Published on: August 5, 2016

Do the pyramids show continental drift?

G S Pawley, N Abrahamsen

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |March 2, 1973
    PubMed
    Summary

    The Great Pyramids' mysterious orientation is not a builder error but likely due to continental drift. This geological movement explains the slight misalignment observed over centuries.

    Area of Science:

    • Geophysics
    • Archaeology
    • Geology

    Background:

    • The precise north-south alignment of the Great Pyramids of Giza has been a long-standing enigma.
    • The observed alignment deviates by approximately 4 minutes west of true north.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the cause of the Great Pyramids' slight misalignment from true north.
    • To evaluate potential explanations, including construction error versus geological movement.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of historical alignment data for the Great Pyramids.
    • Comparison of observed deviations with theories of polar wandering and continental drift.

    Main Results:

    • The observed 4-minute westward deviation is unlikely to be a construction error.

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    Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt
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    Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt

    Published on: August 7, 2017

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

    Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling
    06:55

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    Published on: August 5, 2016

    Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS
    09:31

    Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

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    Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt
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    Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt

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  • Continental drift is proposed as the most plausible explanation for the observed orientation shift.

    • Conclusions:

    • Geological processes, specifically continental drift, are the most probable cause for the Great Pyramids' orientation.
    • While plausible, the required scale of movement for continental drift presents some challenges given the timescale of measurements.