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Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview01:11

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)
11:04

Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)

Published on: May 3, 2011

First results from the large probe infrared radiometer experiment.

R W Boese, J B Pollack, P M Silvaggio

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |February 23, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study estimates Venus

    Area of Science:

    • Planetary Science
    • Atmospheric Science
    • Venusian Science

    Background:

    • Venus possesses a dense atmosphere primarily composed of carbon dioxide.
    • Understanding atmospheric composition and radiative transfer is crucial for planetary climate studies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze infrared radiometer data from a Venus probe during descent.
    • To determine aerosol extinction profiles and water vapor mixing ratios in Venus's atmosphere.
    • To infer cloud composition using spectral data.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a large probe infrared radiometer to measure net thermal radiative flux.
    • Analyzed data across multiple spectral bandpasses during atmospheric descent.
    • Correlated infrared extinction with visible aerosol profiles.

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    The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants
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    The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

    Published on: May 8, 2015

    An Intra-Tissue Radiometry Microprobe for Measuring Radiance In Situ in Living Tissue
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    An Intra-Tissue Radiometry Microprobe for Measuring Radiance In Situ in Living Tissue

    Published on: June 2, 2023

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    Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

    Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)
    11:04

    Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)

    Published on: May 3, 2011

    The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants
    09:36

    The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

    Published on: May 8, 2015

    An Intra-Tissue Radiometry Microprobe for Measuring Radiance In Situ in Living Tissue
    09:10

    An Intra-Tissue Radiometry Microprobe for Measuring Radiance In Situ in Living Tissue

    Published on: June 2, 2023

    Main Results:

    • Estimated the infrared extinction coefficient profile of Venusian aerosols.
    • Determined the water vapor mixing ratio below the cloud decks.
    • Observed spectral features in the 6–7 micrometer bandpass indicating cloud composition.

    Conclusions:

    • The infrared radiometer data provide valuable insights into Venus's atmospheric properties.
    • Aerosol and water vapor distributions were quantified.
    • Spectral analysis offers clues to the complex composition of Venusian clouds.