Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides01:15

Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides

Every plant cell has a cell wall that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives the cell shape. Cellulose, the main structural component of the plant cell wall, makes up over 30% of plant matter. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth.  Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by β (1→4) glycosidic bonds.
As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to its type. For example, the parenchyma cells of...
Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
Wood Products01:21

Wood Products

Wood products encompass a broad range of materials crafted from wood strands, veneers, lumber, and even waste wood-like shreds, designed for both structural and nonstructural purposes. Various specialized wood products have been developed to enhance strength, durability, and versatility in building applications.
Glue-laminated wood, often referred to as glulam, combines multiple smaller pieces of dimensional lumber using adhesives to form a single, larger piece. Cross-laminated timber consists...
Polymers02:34

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...
Chemistry of Carbohydrates03:25

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are an essential part of the diet in humans and animals. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates that provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods. The stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule represents carbohydrates. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. This...
Structural Properties and Dimensions of Lumber01:21

Structural Properties and Dimensions of Lumber

Wood's structural properties derive from fibers aligned along the tree's length, contributing significantly to its mechanical strength. Wood exhibits up to twenty times greater tensile strength along these fibers compared to across them, and generally shows better performance under compression than tension. The length of fibers varies, with hardwoods having fibers around one twenty-fifth inch long and softwoods ranging from one-eighth to one-third inch.
The strength characteristics of wood are...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Phylogenetic relationships of echinoderms: biochemical evidence.

Nature·1967
Same author

Crinosterol: a unique sterol from a comatulid crinoid.

Nature·1967
Same author

The biosynthesis of allopregnane-3beta, 16alpha, 20beta-triol from acetate-1-C14 in the pregnant mare.

Endocrinology·1957
Same author

The incorporation of acetate-1-C14 into cholesterol and fatty acids by surviving tissues of normal and scorbutic guinea pigs.

The Journal of experimental medicine·1956

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Quantitative 31P NMR Analysis of Lignins and Tannins
05:57

Quantitative 31P NMR Analysis of Lignins and Tannins

Published on: August 2, 2021

Polymeric structure of spruce lignin.

H I Bolker, H S Brenner

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |October 9, 1970
    PubMed
    Summary

    The average length of lignin primary chains is 18 phenylpropane units. Intact lignin has a cross-linking degree of 0.277, with 5 units per 18 involved in benzyl ether cross-links.

    Area of Science:

    • Polymer Chemistry
    • Wood Chemistry
    • Organic Chemistry

    Background:

    • Lignin's complex structure presents challenges in understanding its molecular architecture.
    • Accurate characterization of lignin's primary chains and cross-linking is crucial for its effective utilization.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To estimate the average length of primary chains in spruce wood lignin.
    • To calculate the degrees of cross-linking in various lignin extraction processes.
    • To determine the nature of cross-linking, distinguishing between B and X groups.

    Main Methods:

    • Application of the Flory-Stockmayer theory to molecular weight data of extracted lignin fractions.
    • Sulfonation of lignin to obtain successive fractions.
    • Acid-catalyzed cleavage of model compounds in different solvents to assess cross-linking degrees.

    More Related Videos

    Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation
    11:26

    Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation

    Published on: June 17, 2014

    Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield
    10:18

    Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

    Published on: January 7, 2019

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

    Quantitative 31P NMR Analysis of Lignins and Tannins
    05:57

    Quantitative 31P NMR Analysis of Lignins and Tannins

    Published on: August 2, 2021

    Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation
    11:26

    Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation

    Published on: June 17, 2014

    Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield
    10:18

    Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

    Published on: January 7, 2019

    Main Results:

    • The average length of lignin primary chains was estimated at 18 phenylpropane units.
    • The average degree of cross-linking for intact lignin was determined to be 0.277.
    • Approximately 5 out of every 18 phenylpropane units exhibit cross-linking via benzyl ether groups, with specific proportions of B and X groups identified.

    Conclusions:

    • Lignin possesses a defined primary chain length and a quantifiable degree of cross-linking.
    • The findings provide insights into the structural heterogeneity of lignin, relevant for biomass processing and valorization.