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Related Concept Videos

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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The Earth’s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, the cycling of water is extremely important to ecosystem dynamics.
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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
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Quality of Water01:19

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In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
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Regulation of Water Intake01:25

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Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...
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Related Experiment Video

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Implementation of a Hyperbolic Vortex Plasma Reactor for the Removal of Micropollutants in Water
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How to make water run uphill.

M K Chaudhury, G M Whitesides

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 12, 1992
    PubMed
    Summary

    Surface free energy gradients can drive uphill water droplet movement. This phenomenon, observed on modified silicon wafers, relies on surface tension imbalances and low contact angle hysteresis for efficient droplet motion.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Surface Chemistry
    • Fluid Dynamics

    Background:

    • Surface free energy dictates liquid behavior on solid surfaces.
    • Gradients in surface properties can induce directional forces.
    • Understanding these forces is key for microfluidic applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the movement of water droplets on surfaces with spatial gradients in surface free energy.
    • To demonstrate uphill droplet motion driven by surface tension imbalances.
    • To explore the role of hydrophobicity gradients and contact angle hysteresis.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a surface with a spatial gradient in surface free energy using decyltrichlorosilane vapor on a silicon wafer.
    • Characterization of the surface hydrophobicity gradient via water contact angle measurements.

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  • Observation and measurement of water droplet movement on tilted surfaces with varying surface properties.

    • Main Results:

    • A surface with a 1 cm gradient in surface free energy was created, altering water contact angles from 97 to 25 degrees.
    • Water droplets (1-2 microliters) moved uphill against a 15-degree tilt towards the more hydrophilic end.
    • Droplet motion occurred at an average velocity of 1-2 mm/s and required low contact angle hysteresis (<= 10 degrees).

    Conclusions:

    • Spatial gradients in surface free energy can effectively drive water droplet motion.
    • Surface tension imbalances along the contact line are the primary mechanism for this movement.
    • Controlled surface modification and low contact angle hysteresis are critical for achieving directed droplet transport.