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The sciences in america, circa 1880.

D J Kevles, J L Sturchio, P T Carroll

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |July 4, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Late 19th-century American science, particularly in earth and life sciences, showed significant vitality. This research was supported by natural resources, religious and social motivations, and government patronage, challenging previous views.

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    Area of Science:

    • History of Science
    • American Science
    • 19th Century Science

    Background:

    • Historically, American science in the late 19th century was viewed as underdeveloped, focusing narrowly on pure science like physics.
    • This perspective overlooked the broader scientific landscape, particularly in earth and life sciences.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To re-evaluate the vitality and scope of American scientific research in the late 19th century.
    • To identify the diverse factors contributing to scientific advancement during this period.
    • To challenge the traditional narrative of American science as an intellectual backwater.

    Main Methods:

    • Historical analysis of scientific research and its support systems in the late 19th century.
    • Examination of institutional support, funding sources, and motivating factors for scientific endeavors.

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  • Reinterpretation of existing historical assumptions about American science.

    • Main Results:

    • American scientific research exhibited considerable vitality, especially in earth and life sciences.
    • Key drivers included the continent's natural resources, religious impulses, social reformism, and practicality.
    • The federal government played a significant role as a patron of science, contrary to some assumptions.

    Conclusions:

    • American science in the late 19th century was characterized by a pluralism of institutional support and motivations.
    • This pluralism, encompassing diverse fields and funding sources, represents a historically normal mode for scientific enterprise.