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Related Concept Videos

General External Flow Characteristics01:26

General External Flow Characteristics

The study of external flow is essential for creating structures and objects that interact efficiently and safely with moving fluids, such as air or water. When a body is immersed in a flowing fluid, it experiences two primary forces: drag, which opposes motion along the flow direction, and lift, which acts perpendicular to the flow. The shape, size, and orientation of the object influence these forces.Streamlined and Blunt Bodies in External FlowObjects in fluid flow are classified as...
Boundary Layer Characteristics01:18

Boundary Layer Characteristics

When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes01:23

Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes

Hagen-Poiseuille flow describes a viscous fluid's steady, incompressible flow through a cylindrical tube with a constant radius R. This flow profile is often applied to understand fluid transport in narrow channels, such as capillaries. It serves as a foundational example of laminar flow. In this model, cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) are used to describe the radial (r), angular (θ), and axial (z) dimensions within the tube. For Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the velocity profile is purely axial,...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Laminar Flow01:27

Laminar Flow

Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Measuring Spray Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles Using Laser Diffraction
08:14

Measuring Spray Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles Using Laser Diffraction

Published on: September 16, 2016

Snowfall observations from natural-draft cooling tower plumes.

M L Kramer, D E Seymour, M E Smith

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |September 24, 1976
    PubMed
    Summary

    Large natural-draft cooling towers can cause snowfall. This phenomenon, observed in 1975-1976, led to snow accumulations and reduced visibility near power plants.

    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Science
    • Atmospheric Science
    • Engineering

    Background:

    • Large natural-draft cooling towers are used in power plants to dissipate waste heat.
    • The atmospheric effects of cooling tower plumes, particularly during winter, require investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To document and analyze the occurrence of snowfall attributed to cooling tower plumes.
    • To assess the extent of snow accumulation and its impact on visibility.

    Main Methods:

    • Observational study during the winter of 1975-1976.
    • Field measurements of snow accumulation and visibility in the vicinity of cooling towers.

    Main Results:

    • Snowfall was observed originating from cooling tower plumes.

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    Measurements of Local Instantaneous Convective Heat Transfer in a Pipe - Single and Two-phase Flow
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  • Snow accumulations reached up to 2.5 cm on the ground at distances from the towers.
  • Visibility was reduced to less than 1600 meters within the plume near ground level.

    • Conclusions:

    • Cooling tower plumes can lead to localized snowfall events.
    • These events can impact ground conditions and visibility, necessitating further study for mitigation strategies.