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Related Concept Videos

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography01:18

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) provides a beneficial substitute for gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for certain samples because it merges the top attributes of both techniques. SFC allows the separation and analysis of compounds that GC or LC does not easily manage. These compounds are traditionally nonvolatile or thermally unstable, making GC unsuitable and lacking functional groups required for HPLC analysis.
SFC utilizes a supercritical fluid mobile phase,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution01:10

Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution

For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...

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Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Preparation of Carbon Fiber and Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Poly (butylene Adipate-co-terephthalate) Foams by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming
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Preparation of Carbon Fiber and Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Poly (butylene Adipate-co-terephthalate) Foams by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming

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Dispersion polymerizations in supercritical carbon dioxide.

J M Desimone, E E Maury, Y Z Menceloglu

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |July 15, 1994
    PubMed
    Summary

    Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO(2)) offers an eco-friendly medium for dispersion polymerization. This method yields high molar mass polymers with controlled particle sizes, presenting a sustainable alternative to traditional solvents.

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    Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

    Published on: September 26, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Polymer Chemistry
    • Green Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Conventional dispersion polymerizations utilize aqueous or organic media, often with environmental drawbacks.
    • Stabilization of polymer colloids is crucial for achieving high molar mass and polymerization rates.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an environmentally responsible dispersion polymerization method using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO(2)).
    • To demonstrate the feasibility of polymerizing conventional monomers in CO(2) with engineered initiators and stabilizers.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized supercritical carbon dioxide (CO(2)) as the dispersing medium.
    • Employed molecularly engineered free radical initiators and amphipathic stabilizers designed for CO(2) interfacial activity.
    • Conducted heterogeneous dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved quantitative polymerization (>90%) of methyl methacrylate.
    • Produced polymers with very high degrees of polymerization (>3000).
    • Formed kinetically stable dispersions with micrometer-sized particles and narrow size distribution.

    Conclusions:

    • Supercritical CO(2) is a viable and sustainable dispersing medium for heterogeneous dispersion polymerization.
    • Engineered initiators and stabilizers enable efficient polymerization in CO(2).
    • This approach offers a green alternative for producing high-quality polymers.