Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals
10:44

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals

Published on: April 19, 2019

Free-radical side-chain bromination of alkylaromatics in supercritical carbon dioxide

J M Tanko, J F Blackert

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |January 14, 1994
    PubMed

    More Related Videos

    Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow10:34

    Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

    Published on: April 24, 2014

    Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development14:22

    Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

    Published on: April 15, 2013

    Related Concept Videos

    Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination01:27

    Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination

    In organic synthesis, the formation of products can be altered by changing the reaction conditions. For example, a dibromo addition product is formed when propene is treated with bromine at room temperature. In contrast, propene undergoes allylic substitution in non-polar solvents at high temperatures to give 3-bromopropene. In order to avoid the addition reaction, the bromine concentration must be kept as low as possible throughout the reaction. This can be achieved using N-bromosuccinimide...
    Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents01:27

    Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

    In the presence of heat or light, alkanes react with molecular halogens to form alkyl halides by a substitution reaction called radical halogenation. This reaction has three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination, as seen in the radical chlorination of methane to produce methyl chloride.
    In the initiation step of the reaction, the chlorine molecule undergoes homolytic cleavage in the presence of light or heat, forming two highly reactive chlorine radicals. Propagation occurs in two...
    Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

    Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

    Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a low‐energy SOMO, which interacts...
    Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics01:34

    Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics

    The thermodynamic favorability of a reaction is determined by the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG). ΔG has two components- enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS). The entropy component is negligible for alkane halogenation because the number of reactants and product molecules are equal. In this case, the ΔG is governed only by the enthalpy component. The most crucial factor that determines ΔH is the strength of the bonds. ΔH can be determined by comparing the energy between bonds broken and bonds...
    Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

    Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

    The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
    Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Overview01:25

    Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Overview

    The addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes in the presence of hydroperoxides or peroxides proceeds via an anti-Markovnikov pathway and yields alkyl bromides.