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Related Concept Videos

Thomson's e/m Experiment01:19

Thomson's e/m Experiment

In a beam of charged particles created by a heated cathode, the particles move at different speeds. However, many applications need a beam with uniform particle speeds. An arrangement known as a velocity selector uses electric and magnetic fields to pick particles with a particular speed from the beam.
A particle with charge q, speed v, and mass m enters an area from the top, where the magnetic and electric fields are perpendicular both to the particle's motion and to one another. The magnetic...
Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)01:15

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) is an advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique specifically designed to detect and enhance the signals of low-abundance nuclei, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15, in small molecules. The fundamental principle behind INEPT is the transfer of polarization from a more abundant and highly polarizable nucleus, typically hydrogen-1, to the low-abundance nucleus of interest. This process effectively boosts the NMR signal of the...
Subatomic Particles03:37

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
Nuclear Binding Energy02:13

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound together;...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water
08:48

High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water

Published on: April 28, 2022

The first high-energy neurtrino experiment.

M Schwartz

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |March 17, 1989
    PubMed
    Summary

    In 1960, scientists explored weak interactions and conducted the first high-energy neutrino experiment. The experiment confirmed the muon neutrino is distinct from the electron neutrino.

    Area of Science:

    • Particle Physics
    • High-Energy Physics
    • Nuclear Physics

    Background:

    • The understanding of weak interactions in 1960 was limited.
    • The need for experimental verification of neutrino properties was recognized.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the state of knowledge of weak interactions in 1960.
    • To detail the conception and implementation of the first high-energy neutrino experiment.
    • To present the findings regarding the distinction between muon and electron neutrinos.

    Main Methods:

    • Conception and implementation of the first high-energy neutrino experiment.
    • Analysis of experimental data to determine neutrino properties.

    Main Results:

    More Related Videos

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    Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures
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    Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures

    Published on: October 9, 2012

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

    High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water
    08:48

    High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water

    Published on: April 28, 2022

    Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
    07:46

    Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

    Published on: November 15, 2013

    Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures
    08:53

    Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures

    Published on: October 9, 2012

  • The muon neutrino was found to be different from the electron neutrino.
  • Experimental evidence supported the distinction between these fundamental particles.

    • Conclusions:

    • The first high-energy neutrino experiment successfully differentiated between muon and electron neutrinos.
    • This finding advanced the understanding of weak interactions and particle physics.