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Plate tectonics and hotspots: the third dimension.

D L Anderson, T Tanimoto, Y S Zhang

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 19, 1992
    PubMed
    Summary
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    High-resolution seismic models reveal the upper mantle is largely hot, not just around hotspots. These findings challenge previous assumptions about plate tectonics and mantle dynamics.

    Area of Science:

    • Geophysics
    • Seismology
    • Plate Tectonics

    Background:

    • The upper mantle's thermal structure influences plate tectonics and magmatism.
    • Previous models often assumed a homogeneous or isothermal asthenosphere.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide new constraints on plate tectonics and hotspot theories using seismic tomography.
    • To investigate the thermal structure and composition of the upper mantle.

    Main Methods:

    • High-resolution seismic tomography was used to image the upper mantle.
    • Analysis of seismic velocity anomalies at various depths.

    Main Results:

    • Midocean ridges exhibit low seismic velocities (<100 km depth), indicating partial melting.

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  • Deeper anomalies correlate with past ridge and trench migration.
  • Extensional, rifting, and hotspot regions show deep low-velocity anomalies (>200 km).
  • High-velocity regions in the upper mantle correlate with Archean cratons.

    • Conclusions:

    • The upper mantle consists of vast hot domains, not solely small hotspot regions.
    • The asthenosphere is heterogeneous and not isothermal.
    • Magmatism depends on both upper mantle temperature and lithospheric conditions.