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Paleozoic seeds with embryos.

C N Miller, J T Brown

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |January 12, 1973
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Fossil conifer seeds from the Lower Permian contain the oldest known plant embryos. Their development indicates key seed plant embryo growth patterns evolved by the Paleozoic Era.

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    Area of Science:

    • Paleobotany
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Plant Science

    Background:

    • Seed plants represent a pivotal evolutionary innovation in terrestrial ecosystems.
    • Understanding early seed plant evolution requires examining fossil evidence of reproductive structures.
    • The Permian period was a critical time for the diversification of early seed plants.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report the discovery of the oldest definitive plant embryos preserved within fossil seeds.
    • To analyze the developmental stage of these ancient embryos.
    • To determine the evolutionary timing of key embryo development patterns in seed plants.

    Main Methods:

    • Microscopic examination of fossilized conifer cone material from the Lower Permian of West Texas.
    • Detailed morphological analysis of internal structures within fossil seeds, focusing on embryo tissue.

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  • Comparative developmental analysis with extant seed plant embryos.

    • Main Results:

    • Embryo tissue was identified within fossilized seeds from the Lower Permian.
    • These represent the oldest scientifically documented plant embryos on record.
    • The observed embryo development predates seed dispersal, suggesting advanced developmental stages.

    Conclusions:

    • The discovery pushes back the fossil record for plant embryos significantly.
    • It demonstrates that the characteristic embryo development sequence of modern seed plants was established by the late Paleozoic Era.
    • This finding provides crucial insights into the early evolution and diversification of gymnosperms.