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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective solubility...
Solvents01:12

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in Poly(S-Divinylbenzene)
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Published on: May 20, 2019

Solvent diversity in polymorph screening.

Morten Allesø1, Frans van den Berg, Claus Cornett

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|September 12, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Choosing diverse solvents for polymorph screening is challenging. This study visualizes 218 organic solvents using multivariate analysis and self-organizing maps (SOMs) to aid selection, incorporating safety data.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Data Science

Background:

  • Selecting optimal solvents for polymorph screening is crucial for drug development and materials science.
  • A diverse solvent set ensures comprehensive exploration of crystallization behavior.
  • Existing methods for solvent selection lack efficient visualization and diversity assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a data-driven approach for selecting diverse organic solvents for polymorph screening.
  • To visualize the properties of a large solvent database for informed decision-making.
  • To integrate safety information into the solvent selection process.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration and visualization of a database of 218 organic solvents using 24 property descriptors.
  • Application of multivariate statistical techniques, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
  • Utilized Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) for nonlinear dimensionality reduction and visualization of solvent clusters.
  • Incorporated toxicological data to label solvents within the visualization.

Main Results:

  • Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed distinct solvent clusters, explaining 57% of variance in the first two components.
  • Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) provided a more compelling visualization of solvent diversity and clustering compared to PCA.
  • The SOM effectively displayed features observed in the first three PCA components, offering a user-friendly representation.
  • Toxicological information was successfully mapped onto the SOM, highlighting safety considerations for solvent selection.

Conclusions:

  • Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) offer a powerful and visually intuitive method for assessing and selecting diverse solvents for polymorph screening.
  • This approach aids researchers in making informed decisions by presenting complex solvent property data in an accessible format.
  • Integrating safety data into the visualization enhances the practical utility of the method for experimental design.