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Arenaviruses.

J P Gonzalez1, S Emonet, X de Lamballerie

  • 1IRD U178, Conditions et Territoires d'Emergence des Maladies, Thaïlande, France. frjpg@mahidol.ac.th

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|September 13, 2007
PubMed
Summary
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Arenaviruses and their rodent hosts show ancient co-evolution. Viral recombination and host adaptation drive arenavirus diversity, potentially leading to new human-pathogenic viruses.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The Arenaviridae family comprises 22 virus species, primarily associated with rodents, indicating ancient co-evolution.
  • While rodent-arenavirus co-evolution is accepted, mechanisms and timelines of viral evolution, speciation, and pathogenicity remain understudied.
  • Old World and New World arenaviruses exhibit distinct rodent host associations (Muridae and Sigmodontinae, respectively).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary mechanisms and timelines of arenaviruses.
  • To explore the roles of co-evolution, speciation, and recombination in arenavirus diversity.
  • To assess the potential for new pathogenic arenavirus emergence.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of arenavirus and rodent host genomes.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Comparative genomics to identify signatures of co-evolution and recombination.
  • Literature review and synthesis of existing data on arenavirus evolution.

    • Main Results:

    • Strong correlation between rodent host phylogeny and arenavirus species supports long-term co-evolution.
    • Evidence of a unique recombination event in a common ancestor of three New World arenaviruses.
    • Recombination and co-evolutionary adaptation are identified as key drivers of arenavirus diversity.

    Conclusions:

    • Arenavirus evolution is shaped by recombination and co-evolutionary adaptation, leading to significant viral diversity.
    • The diversity of host reservoirs and viruses, coupled with genomic exchange potential, facilitates the emergence of novel arenaviruses.
    • Understanding these evolutionary dynamics is crucial for assessing the risk of zoonotic spillover and arenavirus pathogenicity in humans.