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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

Published on: April 23, 2014

Cytoplasmic cell fusion: Stembrid technology for reprogramming pluripotentiality.

Yury Verlinsky¹, Nick Strelchenko, Artem Shkumatov

¹Reproductive Genetics Institute, 2825 N Halsted St, Chicago, IL 60657, USA.

Stem Cell Reviews

|September 13, 2007

Summary

Scientists developed "Stembrid technology" to create patient-specific human embryonic stem cells (hESC). This method replaces hESC nuclei with donor somatic cell nuclei, yielding pure, genetically matched stem cell lines for personalized medicine.

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

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Published on: April 23, 2014

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Published on: July 30, 2016

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Published on: November 27, 2017

Area of Science:

Stem cell biology
Reproductive medicine
Genetics

Background:

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has shown reprogramming potential in human embryonic stem cells (hESC).
Previous methods resulted in hybrid hESC with mixed DNA, lacking pure donor genotypes.
A complete nuclear replacement method for patient-specific hESC was lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel technology for establishing patient-specific hESC with a pure donor genotype.
To overcome limitations of existing SCNT methods in achieving complete nuclear replacement.

Main Methods:

The study utilized a new
Stembrid technology
involving enucleation of hESC and fusion with adult somatic cells.
This process aimed to replace hESC nuclei entirely with donor somatic cell nuclei.

Main Results:

The developed technology successfully established individual-specific hESC retaining the donor somatic cell genotype.
The resulting cells exhibited the characteristic "stemness" of hESC.
This method yields pure colonies of hESC with the donor's genetic makeup.

Conclusions:

The
Stembrid technology
offers a method for creating pure, patient-specific hESC.
This advancement holds potential for constructing personalized stem cell therapies.