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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Cardiomyopathy VII: Pre and Post Operative Nursing Management01:28

Cardiomyopathy VII: Pre and Post Operative Nursing Management

Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy may undergo a septal myectomy (Morrow procedure). This procedure involves excising a portion of the hypertrophied septum below the aortic valve using a heart-lung machine to improve blood flow through the LVOT. Effective preoperative and postoperative nursing management ensures successful patient outcomes, minimizes complications, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

A Recovery Cardiopulmonary Bypass Model Without Transfusion or Inotropic Agents in Rats
09:54

A Recovery Cardiopulmonary Bypass Model Without Transfusion or Inotropic Agents in Rats

Published on: March 23, 2018

Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on thyroid function.

Y K Batra1, B Singh, S Chavan

  • 1Department of Anaesthesiology, Nuclear Medicine, and Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia
|September 13, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Cardiopulmonary bypass significantly reduces tri-iodothyronine (T3) levels in euthyroid patients, mimicking illness-induced thyroid changes. This persistent decrease warrants further investigation into potential interventions like intravenous tri-iodothyronine.

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Published on: March 27, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Science

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone levels can change in euthyroid individuals during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
  • Understanding these alterations is crucial for managing patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prospectively investigate the impact of CPB on serum thyroid hormone concentrations.
  • To determine the changes in tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) during and after CPB.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study involving 20 euthyroid patients undergoing mitral valve replacement.
  • Serial arterial blood samples collected pre-CPB, at 30 and 60 minutes during CPB, immediately post-CPB, and 24 hours post-CPB.
  • Radioimmunoassay used to measure T3, T4, and TSH levels.

Main Results:

  • A significant decrease of over 50% in T3 levels was observed after CPB initiation.
  • T3 levels remained below physiological range up to 24 hours post-CPB.
  • T4 and TSH levels stayed within normal limits throughout the study period.

Conclusions:

  • CPB induces a state resembling euthyroid sick syndrome, similar to critically ill or burn patients.
  • The persistent decrease in T3 suggests a potential link to post-CPB complications like low cardiac output syndrome.
  • Further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous tri-iodothyronine in preventing post-CPB low cardiac output syndrome.