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Related Concept Videos

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl guanosine). This 5’ cap helps the...
Pre-mRNA Processing02:01

Pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl guanosine). This 5’ cap helps the...
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

3' End Sequencing Library Preparation with A-seq2
12:01

3' End Sequencing Library Preparation with A-seq2

Published on: October 10, 2017

How to get all "A"s in polyadenylation.

Corey R Mandel, Liang Tong

    Structure (London, England : 1993)
    |September 14, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers reveal the crystal structure of yeast poly(A) polymerase. This provides molecular insights into the essential process of polyadenylation.

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Molecular Biology
    • Structural Biology

    Background:

    • Polyadenylation is a crucial post-transcriptional modification process in eukaryotes.
    • Poly(A) polymerase (PAP) is the key enzyme responsible for catalyzing polyadenylation.
    • Understanding PAP's mechanism is vital for comprehending gene expression regulation.

    Discussion:

    • The study presents the crystal structure of yeast poly(A) polymerase.
    • The structure is a ternary complex, including the enzyme, MgATP (substrate), and the elongating poly(A) tail.
    • This structural data offers unprecedented molecular details of the enzyme in action.

    Key Insights:

    • The crystal structure reveals the precise binding interactions between yeast PAP, MgATP, and the nascent poly(A) RNA.

    More Related Videos

    Measurement of Poly A Tail Length from Drosophila Larva Brain and Cell Line
    08:16

    Measurement of Poly A Tail Length from Drosophila Larva Brain and Cell Line

    Published on: January 12, 2024

    Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data
    08:35

    Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data

    Published on: June 24, 2021

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

    3' End Sequencing Library Preparation with A-seq2
    12:01

    3' End Sequencing Library Preparation with A-seq2

    Published on: October 10, 2017

    Measurement of Poly A Tail Length from Drosophila Larva Brain and Cell Line
    08:16

    Measurement of Poly A Tail Length from Drosophila Larva Brain and Cell Line

    Published on: January 12, 2024

    Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data
    08:35

    Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data

    Published on: June 24, 2021

  • Detailed molecular insights into the catalytic mechanism of polyadenylation are provided.
  • The findings elucidate how the enzyme elongates the poly(A) tail.

    • Outlook:

    • This structural information can guide the design of novel therapeutics targeting polyadenylation.
    • Further studies can explore the structures of PAP complexes with different substrates or regulatory factors.
    • The research lays the foundation for investigating polyadenylation mechanisms in other organisms.