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Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal tetrahedral value,...

Molecular Shapes

Molecular Shapes

Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.Two regions of electron density in a diatomic...

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Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...

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The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.

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Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

A shape-dependent hydrophobic effect for tetrazoles.

Devin J Mahnke¹, Robert McDonald, Fraser Hof

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)

|September 14, 2007

Summary

Researchers developed a novel tetrazole-derived host, offering new insights into tetrazolate-biomolecule interactions. This host is the first receptor capable of functioning effectively in pure water environments.

Area of Science:

Supramolecular Chemistry
Biomolecular Interactions
Host-Guest Chemistry

Background:

Tetrazoles are versatile heterocyclic compounds with significant applications in medicinal chemistry and materials science.
Understanding tetrazolate interactions with biomolecules is crucial for designing targeted therapeutics and advanced materials.
Existing receptors often require specific solvent conditions, limiting their applicability in biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel adaptive tetrazole-derived host molecule.
To investigate the host-guest interactions between the tetrazole derivative and biomolecules.
To demonstrate the functionality of this new receptor class in aqueous media.

Main Methods:

Synthesis and characterization of the tetrazole-derived host.

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Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

Spectroscopic and binding studies to analyze tetrazolate-biomolecule complexation.

Evaluation of receptor performance in pure water.

Main Results:

The synthesized tetrazole-derived host exhibits adaptive binding capabilities.
The host effectively interacts with various biomolecules through specific tetrazolate interactions.
The receptor demonstrates robust function and stability in pure water, a significant advancement.

Conclusions:

The developed tetrazole-derived host represents a new class of receptors for biomolecule recognition.
This work provides valuable insights into tetrazolate-biomolecule interactions in aqueous environments.
The receptor's ability to function in pure water opens new avenues for biological sensing and drug delivery applications.