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Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

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Published on: April 7, 2017

Enzyme-based antifouling coatings: a review.

S M Olsen¹, L T Pedersen, M H Laursen

¹Hempel A/S, Denmark.

|September 14, 2007

Summary

Enzymatic antifouling (AF) coatings offer innovative protection for underwater structures. While direct enzymatic AF has seen commercialization, challenges remain in achieving broad-spectrum efficacy, and indirect methods face substrate supply and regulatory hurdles.

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Published on: October 11, 2016

Area of Science:

Marine biology
Biotechnology
Materials science

Background:

Underwater structures face significant biofouling challenges, impacting performance and maintenance.
Enzymatic antifouling (AF) offers a promising, potentially eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods.
Current literature on enzymatic AF technologies requires systematic review to assess progress and identify barriers.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the literature on enzymatic antifouling (AF) protection for underwater structures.
To evaluate the current state of enzymatic AF technology, including direct and indirect approaches.
To identify key obstacles hindering the successful development and commercialization of enzymatic AF coatings.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature review of scientific publications and patents.
Categorization of enzymatic AF approaches into direct and indirect methods.
Analysis of technological limitations, including enzyme efficacy, substrate supply, and regulatory aspects.

Main Results:

Direct enzymatic AF has led to patented technologies and one commercial product, but broad-spectrum efficacy is not yet achieved.
Indirect enzymatic AF, where enzymes release biocides, is not commercially available.
Key limitations for indirect AF include unstable substrate supply and unresolved legislative questions regarding biocidal classification of enzyme systems.

Conclusions:

Enzymatic antifouling presents a developing field with notable progress in direct applications.
Significant challenges persist in achieving broad-spectrum efficacy and overcoming substrate supply and regulatory issues, particularly for indirect enzymatic AF.
Further research and development are needed to overcome these obstacles for widespread adoption of enzymatic AF coatings.