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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Therapy01:25

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive therapy, pioneered by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, is a structured approach to addressing psychological distress by focusing on the influence of thoughts on emotions and behaviors. All cognitive therapies involve the basic assumption that human beings have control over their feelings, and that how individuals feel about something depends on how they think about it. Unlike psychoanalytic methods that delve into unconscious processes or humanistic approaches emphasizing...
Depressive Disorders: Etiology01:27

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...
Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects01:29

Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects

Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
Depression: Overview01:18

Depression: Overview

Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
Beck's Cognitive Therapy01:25

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive therapy is a psychological approach designed to address distortions in thinking, which can lead to negative emotions and unrealistic beliefs. These cognitive distortions often influence how individuals interpret and respond to situations, exacerbating emotional distress. Below are some prevalent cognitive distortions, their characteristics, and examples of how they manifest in thought processes.
Arbitrary Inference
Arbitrary inference involves making conclusions without sufficient...
Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia01:27

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
09:14

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: March 14, 2025

Differentiating cognitive content between depressed and anxious outpatients.

Marjan Ghahramanlou-Holloway1, Amy Wenzel, Kathryn Lou

  • 1Department of Medical & Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA. mholloway@usuhs.edu

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
|September 14, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Depressed and anxious patients differ in their expectations of future emotional responses. Generalized anxiety disorder patients anticipate more anxiety, while major depressive disorder patients anticipate less happiness.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
09:14

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: March 14, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Quantitative studies suggest cognitive content differentiates depressed and anxious patients.
  • Qualitative methods are employed to explore specific thought content in these disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To qualitatively differentiate depressive and anxious thought content.
  • To examine cognitive expectancies and emotional reactions in psychiatric outpatients.

Main Methods:

  • 79 psychiatric outpatients (MDD, GAD, PC) described problems and imagined worst/best outcomes.
  • Responses were coded for problem severity, cognitive content (hopelessness, catastrophizing, hopefulness), and emotions.
  • Group differences in cognitive expectancies and anticipated emotions were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Generalized anxiety disorder patients reported more anticipated anxious emotions for worst outcomes compared to major depressive disorder and other psychiatric disorder patients.
  • Major depressive disorder patients reported less anticipated happiness for best outcomes compared to generalized anxiety disorder and other psychiatric disorder patients.
  • No significant group differences were found for other cognitive variables.

Conclusions:

  • Depressed and anxious patients exhibit distinct cognitive expectancies regarding future emotional reactions.
  • Findings highlight differences in anticipated emotional responses to life events between major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.
  • Qualitative analysis provides nuanced insights into the cognitive profiles of depression and anxiety.