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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task
10:39

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

Published on: May 3, 2018

Action planning in sequential skills: relations to music performance.

Peter E Keller1, Iring Koch

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, Leipzig, Germany. keller@cbs.mpg.de

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)
|September 14, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Planning music-like actions involves anticipating sounds. Faster action planning occurred with compatible key-to-tone mappings, especially for musically experienced individuals, suggesting auditory imagery aids planning.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Auditory Perception
  • Motor Planning

Background:

  • Sequential action planning is crucial for complex behaviors.
  • The role of sensory feedback, particularly auditory, in action planning is not fully understood.
  • Musical training is known to enhance auditory processing and imagery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if planning music-like sequential actions involves anticipating auditory effects.
  • To examine the influence of response-effect compatibility on action planning speed.
  • To determine if musical experience modulates the effect of auditory anticipation on planning.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a sequential tapping task in response to visual stimuli.
  • Key presses were mapped to specific tones (compatible or incompatible mappings).
  • Response times were measured under different mapping conditions and compared across varying musical experience levels.

Main Results:

  • Action planning was significantly faster with compatible key-to-tone mappings compared to incompatible ones.
  • A compatibility effect was observed, indicating faster planning when auditory outcomes were predictable.
  • The magnitude of the compatibility effect increased with higher levels of musical experience.

Conclusions:

  • Anticipating auditory effects plays a role in planning music-like sequential actions.
  • Auditory imagery, enhanced by musical training, may improve the ability to represent and utilize predicted auditory feedback during action planning.
  • These findings highlight the interplay between auditory perception, motor control, and musical expertise.