Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation

Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation

Assessing respiratory rate concurrently with pulse measurement is fundamental to patient care, providing valuable insights into the patient's respiratory function. The normal breathing rate for an adult usually falls within a normal range of 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Abnormal respiratory rates can signal underlying health conditions or the need for immediate intervention.
Ensuring accuracy in vital sign recordings while prioritizing patient comfort and minimizing anxiety is important.

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...

Gas Exchange and Transport

Gas Exchange and Transport

Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.

Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns

Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns

Microorganisms exhibit diverse oxygen requirements and growth patterns driven by their metabolic strategies and environmental adaptations. Oxygen, while essential for many organisms, can also be toxic under certain conditions, shaping how microorganisms grow and survive.Oxygen Requirements of MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are classified based on their ability to use or tolerate oxygen:● Obligate aerobes like Mycobacterium tuberculosis need oxygen for energy production, as it serves as the...

Physiological Control of Respiration

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...

Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask

Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask

The human body requires oxygen to function, and when the natural process of respiration is hindered, external devices, including the following, are needed to help deliver this vital gas.
Nasal Cannula
A nasal cannula is a lightweight tube split at one end into two prongs and placed in the nostrils. It is typically used to deliver low to medium levels of oxygen.
Suggested flow rate: The suggested flow rate for a nasal cannula typically ranges between 1 and 6 L/min.
Oxygen percentage setting:...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Body-weight support is the primary driver of elevated walking cost in cerebral palsy.

Research square·2026

Same author

Exploring the utility of dynamic motor control to assess recovery following pediatric traumatic brain injury: A pilot study.

PloS one·2026

Same author

Influence of body weight support on motor control in typically developing children and children with cerebral palsy.

Journal of biomechanics·2026

Same author

Orthopedic surgery after selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy: A matched cohort study.

Developmental medicine and child neurology·2025

Same author

Evidence Based Gait Analysis Interpretation Tools (EB-GAIT) treatment recommendation and outcome prediction models to support decision-making based on clinical gait analysis data.

PloS one·2025

Same author

Quantifying altered oxygen kinetics and reducing metabolic test times for children with cerebral palsy: a dual-exponential Bayesian modeling approach.

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Measuring and Interpreting Oxygen Consumption Rates in Whole Fly Head Segments

Measuring and Interpreting Oxygen Consumption Rates in Whole Fly Head Segments

Published on: January 7, 2019

Protocol changes can improve the reliability of net oxygen cost data.

Michael H Schwartz¹

¹Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, Center for Gait and Motion Analysis, St. Paul, MN 55101, USA. schwa021@umn.edu

|September 15, 2007

Summary

Improving the reliability of net oxygen cost measurements in cerebral palsy patients is crucial. A revised protocol significantly reduced experimental errors, enhancing clinical utility for assessing walking energy expenditure.

More Related Videos

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

The Benthic Exchange of O₂, N₂ and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Published on: August 3, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Measuring and Interpreting Oxygen Consumption Rates in Whole Fly Head Segments

Measuring and Interpreting Oxygen Consumption Rates in Whole Fly Head Segments

Published on: January 7, 2019

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

The Benthic Exchange of O₂, N₂ and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Published on: August 3, 2016

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Clinical Biomechanics
Rehabilitation Science

Background:

Experimental imprecision in oxygen cost measurements can limit clinical utility, particularly for net energy assessments.
Variability in net oxygen cost requires careful evaluation and protocol optimization for improved reliability.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the variability of net oxygen cost between two distinct protocols in individuals with cerebral palsy.
To investigate if protocol modifications can enhance the reliability of net oxygen cost measurements.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of oxygen cost data from two groups of cerebral palsy patients (no prior surgery, barefoot walking).
Protocols differed in subject preparation, resting duration, and steady-state determination methods.
Net non-dimensional oxygen cost versus dimensionless speed was analyzed using quadratic regression.

Main Results:

Both protocols yielded similar regression fits, indicating well-matched samples and unbiased protocols.
The revised protocol demonstrated a five-fold reduction in variability (MSE decreased from .262 to .050).
Significant decrease in experimental errors was observed with the optimized protocol.

Conclusions:

Protocol optimization significantly reduces experimental error in net oxygen cost measurements.
Improved reliability enhances the clinical utility of oxygen cost assessment for cerebral palsy patients.
Further research is needed to identify specific error reduction sources and further refine protocols.