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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics
09:52

An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics

Published on: September 15, 2020

A quantitative kinetic scheme for 70 S translation initiation complex formation.

Christina Grigoriadou1, Stefano Marzi, Stanislas Kirillov

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Journal of Molecular Biology
|September 18, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study details a kinetic model for 70S initiation complex (70SIC) formation, crucial for protein synthesis. The model reveals how GTP hydrolysis and conformational changes drive the assembly of the 70SIC, and how inhibitors affect this process.

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

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Published on: September 15, 2020

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
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Published on: May 10, 2018

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells
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Published on: December 25, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Translation initiation is a fundamental biological process.
  • The formation of the 70S initiation complex (70SIC) is a critical regulatory step.
  • This complex involves the assembly of the 30S initiation complex (30SIC) and the 50S ribosomal subunit, with initiator tRNA bound to the P-site.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To formulate a quantitative kinetic scheme for 70SIC formation.
  • To elucidate the mechanistic roles of GTP hydrolysis and conformational changes in 70SIC assembly.
  • To investigate the inhibitory mechanisms of GDPCP and thiostrepton on 70SIC formation.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous kinetic measurements of GTP hydrolysis, Pi release, light-scattering, and fluorescence changes.
  • Utilized fluorophore-labeled initiation factor 2 (IF2) and initiator tRNA (fMet-tRNA(fMet)).
  • Analyzed the effects of GTP analogs (GDPCP) and antibiotics (thiostrepton) on the kinetic scheme.

Main Results:

  • A quantitative kinetic scheme for 70SIC formation was established.
  • An initial labile 70S complex undergoes GTP hydrolysis and conformational changes to form a stable 70SIC.
  • GDPCP affects fMet-tRNA(fMet) positioning, while thiostrepton inhibits stable 70S formation but not initial tRNA binding.

Conclusions:

  • The developed kinetic scheme provides a framework for understanding 70SIC formation dynamics.
  • Distinct inhibitory mechanisms of GDPCP and thiostrepton were elucidated at the mechanistic level.
  • This research offers insights into the regulation of translation initiation and potential drug targeting.