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Related Concept Videos

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms02:18

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms02:18

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs01:15

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs

Bioequivalence experimental study designs play a pivotal role in testing the effectiveness of various treatments. Key among these are the repeated measures, cross-over, carry-over, and Latin square designs. In the repeated measures design, each subject receives all treatments, allowing for temporal comparisons. This type of design is useful in reducing variability but requires careful planning to avoid bias.The cross-over design, an economical method, involves sequential administration of...
Bioequivalence: Overview01:16

Bioequivalence: Overview

Pharmaceutical equivalents, by definition, are drug products with the same active ingredient in the same quantities, encapsulated in identical dosage forms, and intended for the same administration routes. These pharmaceutical equivalents are deemed bioequivalent if the bioavailability of the active entity in the drug preparations is similar. Moreover, pharmaceutical equivalents demonstrating bioequivalence are also regarded as therapeutically equivalent. This means that when used as directed,...
Horizontal Gene Transfer01:27

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications01:09

Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications

The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each indication due to...

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Using Virtual Reality to Transfer Motor Skill Knowledge from One Hand to Another
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Generic approaches to transfer.

K A Higley1, D P Bytwerk

  • 1Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Health Physics, Oregon State University, 100 Radiation Center, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. higley@engr.orst.edu

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
|September 18, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This review explores methods for predicting radionuclide transfer in organisms. Allometric functions show promise for generalizing these predictions across different species and environments.

Area of Science:

  • Radioecology
  • Environmental Science
  • Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • Understanding radionuclide transfer in biota is crucial for ecological risk assessment.
  • Existing methods for predicting radionuclide behavior in organisms have limitations.
  • There is a need for generalized predictive models applicable across diverse species and ecosystems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and evaluate methods for describing and predicting radionuclide transfer in biota.
  • To identify approaches suitable for extending predictive capabilities to new organisms and environments.
  • To assess the utility of allometric functions for generalizing radionuclide transfer predictions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of empirical approaches, including transfer factors.

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  • Presentation of kinetic methodologies for radionuclide dynamics.
  • Discussion and evaluation of allometric functions for interspecies scaling.
  • Testing of historical radioecological data for allometric relationship development.

    • Main Results:

    • Empirical methods like transfer factors provide organism-specific data.
    • Kinetic models offer detailed insights into radionuclide pathways.
    • Allometric functions demonstrate potential for broad generalizations in radionuclide transfer.
    • Analysis of past data suggests feasibility of developing allometric relationships.

    Conclusions:

    • Allometric functions offer a promising avenue for generalizing radionuclide transfer predictions across species.
    • Further development of allometric relationships could enhance ecological risk assessments.
    • Integrated approaches combining empirical, kinetic, and allometric methods may yield robust predictions.