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Non-equilibrium freezing behaviour of aqueous systems.

A P MacKenzie

    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
    |March 29, 1977
    PubMed
    Summary

    Non-equilibrium freezing in aqueous systems is influenced by system properties. Understanding nucleation, crystal growth, and phase transitions is key to cell survival during freezing and thawing.

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    Area of Science:

    • Physical Chemistry
    • Materials Science
    • Biophysics

    Background:

    • Aqueous systems exhibit non-equilibrium freezing behaviors influenced by bulk and surface properties.
    • Supercooling and supersaturation are limited by heterogeneous nucleation, but homogeneous nucleation occurs in purified systems.
    • Crystal growth can be hindered by increasing viscosity, and ice may not form in its most stable crystalline state.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the thermodynamic and non-equilibrium properties of freezing in aqueous systems.
    • To identify the kinetic and thermodynamic factors governing the freezing-thawing survival of living cells.

    Main Methods:

    • Simultaneous measurement of thermodynamic and non-equilibrium properties.
    • Construction of a comprehensive phase diagram including equilibrium melting points, nucleation temperatures (heterogeneous and homogeneous), glass transition, devitrification, recrystallization, solute solubilities, and eutectic temperatures.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated that freezing behavior is governed by a combination of thermodynamic and kinetic factors.
    • Characterized nucleation phenomena, including limitations by impurities and observation of homogeneous nucleation.
    • Observed that crystal growth is often impeded by viscosity, affecting ice formation.
    • Developed a detailed phase diagram integrating various thermal transitions.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides insights into the complex freezing processes in aqueous solutions.
    • Findings aid in understanding and potentially improving the cryopreservation of biological cells by elucidating critical freezing parameters.

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