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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes
09:27

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes

Published on: January 19, 2024

Time (also) flies from left to right.

Julio Santiago1, Juan Lupiáñez, Elvira Pérez

  • 1University of Granada, Granada, Spain. santiago@ugr.es

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|September 19, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that people mentally map the past to the left and the future to the right, even without language cues. This spatial-temporal conceptual metaphor influences cognitive tasks, demonstrating embodied meaning.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Linguistics
  • Embodied Cognition

Background:

  • Many languages use spatial metaphors for time (e.g., 'ahead' for future).
  • The existence of a 'past-left, future-right' conceptual metaphor lacks linguistic evidence but is explored here.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the psychological reality of the 'past-left, future-right' space-time conceptual metaphor.
  • To determine if this metaphor influences cognitive processing in the absence of linguistic cues.

Main Methods:

  • Participants categorized words as past or future-related.
  • Word presentation (left/right screen) and response hand (left/right keypress) were manipulated.
  • Task performance was measured based on congruence with the tested metaphor.

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Main Results:

  • Cognitive judgments were faster and more accurate when spatial presentation and response mapping aligned with the left-past, right-future metaphor.
  • This facilitation occurred irrespective of explicit linguistic instructions.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support the psychological reality of the 'past-left, future-right' conceptual metaphor.
  • Results contribute to theories of embodied cognition, suggesting abstract concepts are grounded in sensorimotor experiences.
  • The study explores potential mechanisms for acquiring such conceptual metaphors.