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Related Concept Videos

Osmoregulation in Fishes02:32

Osmoregulation in Fishes

When cells are placed in a hypotonic (low-salt) fluid, they can swell and burst. Meanwhile, cells in a hypertonic solution—with a higher salt concentration—can shrivel and die. How do fish cells avoid these gruesome fates in hypotonic freshwater or hypertonic seawater environments?
Tonicity in Animals00:59

Tonicity in Animals

The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
Tonicity in Animals01:16

Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cell,...
What Are Osmoregulation and Excretion?02:12

What Are Osmoregulation and Excretion?

Organisms must keep bodily fluids at a constant temperature and pH while maintaining specific solute concentrations in order to support life functions. Osmoregulation is the process that balances solute and water levels.
Osmoregulation in Insects01:47

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Malpighian tubules are specialized structures found in the digestive systems of many arthropods, including most insects, that handle excretion and osmoregulation. The tubules are typically arranged in pairs and have a convoluted structure that increases their surface area.
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Factors Influencing Microbial Growth: Osmolarity

Osmolarity is the measure of solute concentration in a solution. It plays a critical role in determining water availability for organisms. Water moves across semipermeable membranes through osmosis, flowing from regions of lower solute concentration (more dilute) to regions of higher solute concentration (more concentrated).In high-solute environments, microbial cells lose water, leading to dehydration and inhibited growth. The extent to which water is available to microbes in such environments...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Yeast Luminometric and Xenopus Oocyte Electrophysiological Examinations of the Molecular Mechanosensitivity of TRPV4
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Published on: December 31, 2013

Yeast osmoregulation.

Stefan Hohmann1, Marcus Krantz, Bodil Nordlander

  • 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.

Methods in Enzymology
|September 19, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Yeast osmoregulation, controlled by the High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) pathway, maintains cellular water balance. This system, involving the MAPK Hog1, allows for rapid adaptation and provides a model for studying cellular signaling and control.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Osmoregulation is essential for maintaining cellular water balance and intracellular homeostasis.
  • The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses a well-characterized osmoregulatory system crucial for survival in fluctuating environments.
  • The High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) signaling pathway is central to yeast osmoregulation, controlling glycerol production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the system properties of yeast osmoregulation and cellular adaptation.
  • To investigate the High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) signaling network and its control mechanisms.
  • To utilize mathematical modeling and experimental data for a holistic understanding of cellular osmoregulation.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic analyses and protein-protein interaction studies to map the HOG signaling network.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

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12:09

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Published on: December 31, 2013

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Published on: April 19, 2013

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  • Experimental control of HOG pathway activity using extracellular stimuli and forced adaptation.
  • Computational simulations and quantitative time course experiments at multiple regulatory levels.

    • Main Results:

    • The HOG pathway, a branched MAPK cascade converging on Hog1, regulates glycerol accumulation.
    • Hog1 activation leads to changes in protein localization and gene expression, controlling cellular responses to osmotic stress.
    • Mathematical modeling and experiments revealed the HOG pathway's capacity for feedback control and sustained signaling competence.

    Conclusions:

    • Yeast osmoregulation, particularly the HOG pathway, serves as an excellent model for studying cellular signaling and adaptation.
    • Integrated analysis of yeast osmoregulation provides insights into fundamental principles of cellular water balance and homeostasis.
    • The HOG pathway demonstrates a sophisticated balance between robust feedback control and the maintenance of signaling capability.