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Related Concept Videos

Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form the...
Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...
Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

General Structure of a Vertebra

A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous column.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
04:19

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device

Published on: November 8, 2024

Upper cervical spine instability in pseudoachondroplasia.

Gautam M Shetty1, Hae Ryong Song, Ranjith Unnikrishnan

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Rare Disease Institute, Seoul, Korea.

Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
|September 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Pseudoachondroplasia patients with os odontoideum show increased upper cervical spine instability. Instability correlates with age, but surgery is not always necessary, requiring regular monitoring.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
04:19

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device

Published on: November 8, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Genetics
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) is a rare genetic skeletal dysplasia.
  • It is characterized by os odontoideum and atlantoaxial instability.
  • Upper cervical spine instability is a significant concern in PSACH patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize upper cervical spine instability in PSACH patients.
  • To analyze the relationship between os odontoideum and cervical instability.
  • To evaluate the correlation between instability, age, and neurological status.

Main Methods:

  • Clinicoradiological evaluation of 15 Korean PSACH patients.
  • Group comparison based on the presence (n=9) or absence (n=6) of os odontoideum.
  • Assessment of instability using parameters like atlantodens interval and space available for cord (SAC), alongside Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores.

Main Results:

  • Os odontoideum was present in 60% of the study group.
  • Significant differences observed in SAC, JOA scores, and rotational instability between groups.
  • A linear relationship was found between instability, age, and JOA score.

Conclusions:

  • Os odontoideum increases the incidence of upper cervical spine instability in PSACH.
  • Cervical instability progresses with age.
  • Regular clinical and radiological evaluation is recommended, as surgery may not be immediately warranted.