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Related Concept Videos

Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...
Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Expression of Fluorescent Proteins in Branchiostoma lanceolatum by mRNA Injection into Unfertilized Oocytes
09:31

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Characterization and developmental expression of AmphiMef2 gene in amphioxus.

Ying Zhang1, LiFeng Wang, Ming Shao

  • 1Institute of Developmental Biology, Life Science College, Key Lab of Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.

Science in China. Series C, Life Sciences
|September 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The study identified AmphiMef2 in amphioxus, a gene crucial for muscle development. Its expression pattern suggests roles in both myogenesis and the development of the preoral pit.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Molecular genetics

Background:

  • Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (Mef2) proteins are key transcription factors regulating muscle-specific genes in vertebrates.
  • While essential for vertebrate muscle development, the role of Mef2 genes in invertebrates is less understood.
  • Amphioxus, a basal chordate, provides a model to study the evolution of Mef2 function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To isolate and characterize the amphioxus Mef2 gene, named AmphiMef2.
  • To investigate the expression pattern of AmphiMef2 during amphioxus development.
  • To infer the potential functions of AmphiMef2 in muscle and other tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of full-length cDNA for AmphiMef2.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of conserved domains (MADS and MEF2).
  • Whole-mount in situ hybridization to determine gene expression patterns.

Main Results:

  • AmphiMef2 possesses highly conserved MADS and MEF2 domains, showing greater similarity to vertebrate homologues.
  • AmphiMef2 expression is initially observed in the presomitic mesoderm and somites.
  • Later expression shifts to the preoral pit, a vertebrate adenohypophysis homologue, suggesting dual roles.

Conclusions:

  • AmphiMef2 plays a role in amphioxus myogenesis.
  • AmphiMef2 may also be involved in the development or function of the preoral pit.
  • These findings shed light on the conserved and divergent roles of Mef2 genes in chordate evolution.