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Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Murine Neural Plate Targeting by In Utero Nano-Injection (NEPTUNE) at Embryonic Day 7.5
Published on: February 14, 2022
Needle-free vaccine delivery
Gideon Kersten1, Hoang Hirschberg
1Netherlands Vaccine Institute, Research and Development Department, PO Box 457, 3720 Al Bilthoven, The Netherlands. gideon.kersten@nvi-vaccin.nl
Abstract:
The need for minimally invasive delivery methods is urgent. As the number of registered vaccines increases, so does the number of injections. The use of sharps can be unsafe and needle immunisation is less suitable for mass immunisations during emergencies such as pandemics or bioterrorist attacks. The approach of combining vaccines has limitations due to high development costs, risk of pharmaceutical or immunological interference and economic risks. Advancements in the development of alternatives to injection with syringes and needles are discussed in this paper, and include: mucosal vaccination, injection without needles and vaccine delivery via the skin.
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