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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
Stem Cell Culture01:17

Stem Cell Culture

Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Isolation of Retinal Stem Cells from the Mouse Eye
07:22

Isolation of Retinal Stem Cells from the Mouse Eye

Published on: September 11, 2010

Embryonic stem cells and retinal repair.

Anthony Vugler1, Jean Lawrence, James Walsh

  • 1Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V9EL, UK. a.vugler@ucl.ac.uk

Mechanisms of Development
|September 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) show promise for treating retinal diseases. Understanding developmental biology aids HESC differentiation for retinal cell therapy, addressing challenges in cell transplantation.

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Sub-Retinal Delivery of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Photoreceptor Progenitors in rd10 Mice

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Retinal diseases impact photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).
  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) offer potential for cellular therapy in the central nervous system (CNS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) for treating retinal diseases.
  • To explore HESC differentiation into retinal cell types (RPE, rods, cones).
  • To identify factors enhancing retinal cell derivation and discuss transplantation challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ESCs, retinal development, and cell transplantation.
  • Analysis of developmental processes informing in vitro HESC manipulation.
  • Examination of retinal microenvironment cues influencing transplanted cell survival.

Main Results:

  • Established HESC derivation and neural differentiation protocols facilitate retinal cell generation.
  • Understanding developmental biology is key to efficient retinal cell-type derivation from HESCs.
  • Retinal diseases represent a viable target for HESC-derived cellular therapy in the CNS.

Conclusions:

  • HESCs are a promising source for retinal cell replacement therapies.
  • Optimizing in vitro differentiation and understanding host retinal environment are crucial for successful transplantation.
  • HESC-based therapies hold potential for treating CNS-related visual impairments.