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Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving

San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
To solve the problem, first, identify the known and unknown quantities. The initial length (L) of the bridge is 1275 m, the coefficient of linear expansion (α) for steel is 12 x 10-6/°C, and the change in temperature (ΔT) is 55 °C.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Thermal Behavior and Power Efficiency Comparison of AC vs. DC Electrical Heating in a Distillation Column Using Infrared Thermography Analysis

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Reliability of three methods of computer-aided thermal pattern analysis.

John Hart¹, Bernard Omolo, W R Boone

¹Sherman College of Straight Chiropractic, Spartanburg, South Carolina 29304, USA. jhart@sherman.edu

The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association

|September 22, 2007

Summary

This study found that manual alignment is crucial for precise thermal pattern analysis (TPA) percent-similarities. All tested computer-aided TPA methods demonstrated acceptable examiner reliability and no significant inter-method differences.

Keywords:

reliability thermography vertebral subluxation

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Area of Science:

Medical Imaging
Biomedical Engineering
Thermography

Background:

Computer-aided thermal pattern analysis (TPA) is increasingly used in medical diagnostics.
Assessing the reliability and comparability of different TPA methods is essential for clinical application.
Examiner reliability and inter-method differences are key factors in evaluating TPA software.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate three computer-aided TPA methods.
To assess examiner reliability and inter-method differences in TPA.
To identify the TPA method yielding the highest percent-similarity in test-retest scans.

Main Methods:

Three examiners compared thermal scans from 30 subjects using three distinct scan alignment methods.
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were employed for evaluation.
Statistical significance was assessed at the 5% level, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.

Main Results:

All tested TPA methods achieved acceptable intra- and inter-examiner ICC scores ( > 0.75).
No statistically significant differences in scan percent-similarity were observed between the three methods, even after Bonferroni correction (p=0.0004%).

Conclusions:

The findings support the reliability of the TPC program software for thermal pattern analysis.
Manual alignment of thermal readings is a critical factor for achieving accurate TPA percent-similarities.
The study underscores the importance of standardized alignment protocols in thermographic assessments.