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Related Concept Videos

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Determination of Molar Masses of Polymers I01:24

Determination of Molar Masses of Polymers I

Polymerization produces macromolecules with a range of chain lengths due to the random nature of molecular growth processes. As chains form and terminate at different stages, a single polymer sample contains molecules of varying sizes rather than a uniform structure. This variability is described using average molar masses and distribution-related parameters, which together provide a comprehensive understanding of polymer characteristics.The distribution of molar masses plays a critical role in...

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Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
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Resolving oligomers from fully grown polymers with IMS-MS.

Sarah Trimpin1, Manolo Plasencia, Dragan Isailovic

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.

Analytical Chemistry
|September 25, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Ion mobility-mass spectrometry reveals poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer distributions. Cesium-adducted PEG ions exhibit unique mobility trends, decreasing with higher charge states, indicating extended conformations.

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MALDI-ToF MS Method for the Characterization of Synthetic Polymers with Varying Dispersity and End Groups
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MALDI-ToF MS Method for the Characterization of Synthetic Polymers with Varying Dispersity and End Groups

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a versatile polymer with applications in various fields.
  • Characterizing PEG polymer distributions and conformations is crucial for understanding its properties.
  • Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) is a powerful technique for analyzing large molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the size distributions of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymers using ion mobility and mass spectrometry.
  • To analyze the behavior of cesium-adducted PEG ions across a range of charge states.
  • To determine the structural conformations of PEG ions in the gas phase.

Main Methods:

  • Electrospray ionization coupled with ion mobility and mass spectrometry.
  • Analysis of PEG samples with average molecular masses of 6550 Da and 17900 Da.
  • Comparison of experimental cross sections with molecular modeling calculations.

Main Results:

  • Oligomer distributions of PEG ions were resolved into families corresponding to narrow size distributions for individual charge states.
  • Baseline resolution was achieved for the +10 charge state of PEG polymers.
  • Mobility of cesium-adducted PEG ions generally decreased with increasing charge state, contrary to peptide ion trends.
  • Experimental cross sections indicate highly extended, nearly linear conformations for multiply cesiated PEG ions.

Conclusions:

  • IM-MS effectively characterizes PEG polymer size distributions and oligomer families.
  • The observed mobility trends suggest significant structural changes in PEG ions upon charge addition.
  • Multiply cesiated PEG ions adopt extended conformations, with charged sites showing high coordination.