Neoangiogenesis with endothelial precursors for the treatment of ischemia

In the embryo, blood vessels and hematopoietic cells arise from the hemangioblast, a common precursor cell. Compelling evidence suggests that bone marrow from adult individuals contains endothelial cell precursors (EPCs), similar to embryonic hemangioblast. They are able to increase neovascularization of tissue after ischemia. Herein we have discussed the ontogeny of these cells, their phenotypes, and their isolation from various sources. We also have presented experimental studies indicating that EPCs are able to induce neovascularization and angiogenesis when transplanted into ischemic tissues. Furthermore, endogenous EPCs can be mobilized using factors that promote their homing to sites of tissue injury. We also have discussed the ongoing clinical trials using these cells to treat ischemic diseases.