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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
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Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Coronavirus

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field
08:46

Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field

Published on: August 2, 2011

Catching bird flu in a droplet.

Juergen Pipper1, Masafumi Inoue, Lisa F-P Ng

  • 1Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #04-01, Singapore 138669. jpipper@ibn.a.star.edu.sg

Nature Medicine
|September 25, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A new microfluidic platform enables rapid, low-cost detection of avian influenza H5N1. This handheld device is crucial for global epidemic containment, especially in resource-limited settings.

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Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field
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06:56

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

Published on: March 19, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Influenza epidemics require rapid containment through antiviral drugs, quarantine, and social distancing.
  • Effective surveillance is hindered in resource-limited countries, necessitating decentralized testing solutions.
  • Handheld, low-cost diagnostic units are vital for global avian influenza H5N1 containment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a microfluidic platform for rapid, decentralized detection of avian influenza H5N1.
  • To enable early containment of influenza epidemics at their source.

Main Methods:

  • A microfluidic platform utilizing magnetic forces to manipulate superparamagnetic particles within a free droplet.
  • Sequential isolation, purification, and 50,000% preconcentration of viral RNA from throat swab samples.
  • Ultrafast real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for H5N1 detection.

Main Results:

  • The developed bioassay demonstrated equal sensitivity compared to commercially available tests.
  • The platform achieved a 440% increase in speed compared to existing methods.
  • The cost of the assay was reduced by 2,000-5,000%, making it highly economical.

Conclusions:

  • The microfluidic platform offers a sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective solution for H5N1 detection.
  • Decentralized diagnostic capabilities are essential for global epidemic control, particularly for avian influenza.
  • This technology can significantly enhance public health surveillance in resource-limited regions.