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Internal Loadings in Structural Members: Problem Solving01:28

Internal Loadings in Structural Members: Problem Solving

When designing or analyzing a structural member, it is important to consider the internal loadings developed within the member. These internal loadings include normal force, shear force, and bending moment. Engineers can ensure that the structural member can support the applied external forces by calculating these internal loadings.
To illustrate this, let's consider a beam OC of 5 kN, inclined at an angle of 53.13° with the horizontal and supported at both ends. Determine the internal loadings...
Normal and Shear Force01:14

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When a beam is subjected to different loads, such as weight, pressure, or other external forces, internal forces are generated within the beam. These forces can have a significant impact on the overall stability and strength of the structure. Engineers use various methods to analyze and determine the magnitude and direction of these internal forces. One common technique used to determine internal forces in beams is the method of sections. This method involves considering an imaginary point or...
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Frames: Problem Solving II

Consider a hydraulic hoist supporting a load of 1 kN. Assuming a simplified schematic representation of this frame structure, the force acting on BD and BF members can be determined.
Method of Joints: Problem Solving II01:30

Method of Joints: Problem Solving II

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Moment of a Force: Problem Solving01:29

Moment of a Force: Problem Solving

Understanding the scalar formulation of the moment of a force and applying it correctly through problem-solving is crucial in designing and analyzing mechanical systems. Here are the steps for problem-solving with the moment of a force:
Machines: Problem Solving II01:30

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Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. Consider a lifting tong carrying a 100 kg load. It comprises movable sections DAF and CBG linked together with member AB.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

A Passive Ankle Dorsiflexion Testing System for an In Vivo Model of Overuse-induced Tendinopathy
04:37

A Passive Ankle Dorsiflexion Testing System for an In Vivo Model of Overuse-induced Tendinopathy

Published on: March 1, 2024

A new method for estimating hand internal loads from external force measurements.

C B Irwin1, R G Radwin

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Ergonomics
|September 25, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Estimating finger flexor tendon tension is possible using grip force vectors. This study shows tendon tension significantly increases with smaller handle sizes, despite decreased grip force.

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human factors engineering
  • Musculoskeletal research

Background:

  • Accurate estimation of internal hand forces, specifically finger flexor tendon tension, is crucial for understanding grip function and diagnosing related pathologies.
  • Traditional methods for measuring tendon tension are often invasive or impractical for dynamic assessments.
  • Grip force measurements provide an accessible, non-invasive proxy for internal hand forces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the utility of grip force vectors measured by a directional strain gauge grip dynamometer for estimating finger flexor tendon tension.
  • To develop and validate a biomechanical model for predicting tendon tension during maximal voluntary power grip.
  • To explore the relationship between handle size, grip force, and estimated tendon tension.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty-three participants performed maximal voluntary power grips on instrumented cylinders of varying diameters (2.54–7.62 cm).
  • Grip force vector magnitude and direction were measured using a directional strain gauge grip dynamometer.
  • A biomechanical model was employed, assuming flexor tendons generated a moment counteracting the measured external moment at the MCP joint.

Main Results:

  • Estimated finger flexor tendon tension increased by 130% when transitioning from the largest to the smallest handle diameter.
  • Despite the increase in estimated tendon tension, overall grip force magnitude decreased by 36% with smaller handles.
  • The findings indicate an inverse relationship between handle size and estimated tendon tension for a given grip effort.

Conclusions:

  • Grip force vectors, measured with a directional strain gauge grip dynamometer, show promise for non-invasively estimating internal finger flexor tendon tension.
  • The developed biomechanical model provides a feasible approach for quantifying tendon forces during power grips.
  • Understanding how handle size influences tendon tension is vital for ergonomic design and rehabilitation strategies.