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General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

Lighter general anesthesia causes less decrease in arterial pressure induced by epinephrine scalp infiltration during

Jian-jun Yang¹, Jin Liu, Man-lin Duan

¹Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.

Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology

|September 26, 2007

Summary

Maintaining lighter general anesthesia during neurosurgery helps prevent hypotension caused by epinephrine scalp infiltration. This lighter anesthesia depth reduces blood pressure drops, improving patient safety.

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Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Neurosurgery
Pharmacology

Background:

Scalp infiltration with epinephrine-lidocaine can cause significant hypotension during neurosurgery under general anesthesia.
Preventing intraoperative hypotension is crucial for patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if lighter general anesthesia can prevent unintentional hypotension induced by epinephrine scalp infiltration during neurosurgery.
To compare the effects of different anesthesia depths on hemodynamic stability.

Main Methods:

A prospective randomized controlled study involving 50 patients undergoing craniotomy.
Two groups received different target-controlled infusion rates of propofol and remifentanil.
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate were monitored before and after epinephrine scalp infiltration.

Main Results:

Lighter anesthesia (Group 1) resulted in significantly higher MAP and lower heart rate compared to the control group (Group 2).
The maximal decrease in MAP was significantly less in the lighter anesthesia group (13% vs. 24%).
Bispectral index readings confirmed a lighter depth of anesthesia in Group 1.

Conclusions:

Maintaining lighter general anesthesia is a relatively effective method to prevent hypotension episodes induced by epinephrine scalp infiltration.
This approach can help mitigate hemodynamic instability during neurosurgical procedures.
Optimizing anesthesia depth is key to managing perioperative risks.