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Related Concept Videos

Controls in Experiments01:13

Controls in Experiments

When conducting an experiment, it is crucial to have control to reduce bias and accurately measure the dependent variables. It also marks the results more reliable. Controls are elements in an experiment that have the same characteristics as the treatment groups but are not affected by the independent variable. By sorting these data into control and experimental conditions, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables can be drawn. A randomized experiment always includes a...
Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about the way you...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Episodic dyscontrol: a controlled replication.

B M Maletzky1, J Klotter

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, U.S. Lyster Army Hospital, Fort Rucker, Alabama 36360, USA.

Diseases of the Nervous System
|April 1, 1974
PubMed
Summary

Diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) effectively treats episodic dyscontrol and violent behavior when combined with psychotherapy. This controlled study confirms its superiority over placebo in managing aggressive outbursts.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Episodic dyscontrol syndrome is characterized by recurrent violent outbursts.
  • Previous uncontrolled research suggested diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) efficacy.
  • Ethical considerations complicated early treatment research.

Observation:

  • A double-blind, placebo-controlled discontinuation trial was designed.
  • Sequential analysis was employed to minimize patient exposure to placebo.
  • Both Dilantin and placebo were administered alongside psychotherapy.

Findings:

  • Diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) demonstrated clear superiority over placebo.
  • The combination of Dilantin and psychotherapy significantly reduced violent behavior.
  • No patient was denied active treatment longer than necessary.

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Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
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Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
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Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
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Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

Implications:

  • Diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) is a viable pharmacological option for managing episodic dyscontrol.
  • Further research should explore long-term efficacy and optimal dosing.
  • This study provides a controlled, ethical framework for future psychopharmacological trials.