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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which leads...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
05:55

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: December 1, 2023

Hashimot's encephalopathy-response to intravenous immunoglobulin.

E Wirkowski1, R B Libman, M Batash

  • 1Department of Neurology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.

Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases : the Official Journal of National Stroke Association
|September 27, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Hashimoto's encephalopathy, a rare brain disorder, may be treatable with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). This approach showed significant improvement in a patient unresponsive to traditional therapies, offering a potentially safer alternative.

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
05:55

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: December 1, 2023

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge
08:38

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

Published on: April 9, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Hashimoto's encephalopathy is a rare neurological disorder characterized by cerebral dysfunction, potentially mimicking stroke.
  • Current treatments involve steroids and immunosuppression, which can have significant side effects.
  • Exploring alternative, less toxic treatments like IVIG is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) as a treatment for Hashimoto's encephalopathy.
  • To present a case study of an elderly patient with Hashimoto's encephalopathy treated with IVIG.

Main Methods:

  • A case report of an 82-year-old woman presenting with neurological deficits and elevated antithyroid antibodies.
  • Initial treatment with prednisone and methotrexate proved ineffective.
  • Subsequent treatment involved monthly courses of IVIG.

Main Results:

  • The patient experienced marked clinical improvement following IVIG treatment.
  • This suggests IVIG may be an effective therapeutic option for Hashimoto's encephalopathy.

Conclusions:

  • Hashimoto's encephalopathy might be underdiagnosed.
  • Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) should be considered as a treatment option for patients diagnosed with Hashimoto's encephalopathy, offering a potentially beneficial alternative to conventional therapies.