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Related Concept Videos

Inflammation: Introduction01:28

Inflammation: Introduction

Inflammation is a fundamental, protective biological response of vascularized tissues to cellular injury, infection, or harmful stimuli. Its primary function is to eliminate the initial cause of injury, clear necrotic cells and damaged tissue, and initiate the necessary repair processes.Cardinal SignsAcute inflammation presents with classic signs. Redness results from vasodilation and increased blood flow. Heat is due to increased metabolism and circulation. Swelling results from the...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

Overview
Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation
09:19

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation

Published on: December 8, 2017

Neuroinflammation and its modulation by flavonoids.

K Vafeiadou1, D Vauzour, J P E Spencer

  • 1Molecular Nutrition Group, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.

Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets
|September 28, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Dietary flavonoids show promise in combating neuroinflammation, a key factor in brain disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. These compounds may offer new therapeutic strategies by targeting inflammatory pathways.

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

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Published on: August 23, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Neuroinflammation is increasingly implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Dietary polyphenols, specifically flavonoids, exhibit neuroprotective effects in various models.
  • Modulating neuroinflammation presents a potential therapeutic avenue for brain disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence on how flavonoids modulate neuroinflammation.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which flavonoids exert neuroprotective effects.
  • To assess the therapeutic potential of flavonoids for neurodegenerative diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on flavonoids, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection.
  • Analysis of in vivo and in vitro experimental data.
  • Examination of flavonoid metabolism and blood-brain barrier penetration.

Main Results:

  • Flavonoids attenuate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1beta, TNF-alpha).
  • They inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase activity.
  • Flavonoids down-regulate transcription factors like NF-kappaB and modulate MAPK signaling pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Flavonoids possess multiple mechanisms to reduce neuroinflammation.
  • Their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and favorable metabolism suggest therapeutic potential.
  • Further research is needed to establish flavonoids as clinical treatments for neuroinflammation.