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Related Concept Videos

Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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The Delta-to-Delta Circuit

In a delta-delta configuration, the source and the load are connected in a delta manner, forming a closed loop that divides the network into three distinct phases. This configuration makes the phase voltages identical to line voltages. Assuming the sources are in positive sequence, the phase voltages can be expressed directly without having a neutral wire.
Series R—L Circuit Transients01:22

Series R—L Circuit Transients

In a series resistor-inductor (R-L) circuit, closing the switch at the start of the time period simulates a three-phase short circuit, a fault condition where all three phases of an unloaded synchronous machine are short-circuited. When there is no fault impedance and no initial current, the initial voltage is determined by the phase angle of the source voltage.
Using Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) to analyze this circuit helps determine the total asymmetrical fault current, which consists of...
Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
Lossy Lines and Overvoltages01:22

Lossy Lines and Overvoltages

Transmission-line series resistance and shunt conductance cause three primary effects: attenuation, distortion, and power losses.
Attenuation
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Rag mutations reveal robust alternative end joining.

Barbara Corneo1, Rebecca L Wendland, Ludovic Deriano

  • 1The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.

Nature
|September 28, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian cells use DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways, including non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). This study reveals robust alternative NHEJ activity when Rag proteins are modified, suggesting a collaborative repair model.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mammalian cells repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) via homologous recombination or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).
  • V(D)J recombination, essential for immune diversity, utilizes NHEJ to repair DSBs induced by Rag1-Rag2 proteins.
  • Immunodeficiency arises in animals lacking key NHEJ factors, with evidence of an 'alternative NHEJ' pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role and activity of alternative NHEJ in DNA repair.
  • To explore the interplay between Rag proteins and NHEJ factors in V(D)J recombination.
  • To challenge the notion that alternative NHEJ is a minor, inefficient pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic manipulation of murine Rag proteins.
  • Analysis of V(D)J junctions in NHEJ-deficient and wild-type cells.
  • Assessment of alternative NHEJ activity and chromosomal translocations.

Main Results:

  • Modified Rag proteins revealed robust alternative NHEJ activity in NHEJ-deficient cells.
  • Alternative joining activity was observed even in wild-type cells.
  • The findings suggest alternative NHEJ is more significant than previously thought.

Conclusions:

  • A two-tier model is proposed where Rag proteins and NHEJ factors collaborate to maintain genomic integrity during V(D)J recombination.
  • Alternative NHEJ plays a more substantial role in DNA repair than previously recognized.
  • This collaboration ensures efficient and accurate repair of DSBs in the immune system.