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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

Published on: March 10, 2011

Separable neural mechanisms contribute to feedback processing in a rule-learning task.

K Zanolie¹, L Van Leijenhorst, S A R B Rombouts

¹Leiden University Institute for Psychological Research (LU-IPR), Leiden University, The Netherlands.

Neuropsychologia

|September 29, 2007

Summary

The medial prefrontal cortex (PFC)/anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral (DL) PFC show distinct roles in processing performance feedback. Medial PFC/ACC signals expectation violations, while DL PFC supports goal-directed actions based on informative feedback.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology
Decision Making

Background:

Effective performance adjustment relies on monitoring feedback for errors.
Prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions, including medial PFC/anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral (DL) PFC, are implicated in feedback processing.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the differential roles of medial PFC/ACC and DL PFC in processing performance feedback.
To examine how the informative value of feedback influences activation in these PFC regions.

Main Methods:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed.
Twenty adults participated in a rule-switch task requiring inference from positive and negative feedback.
Unexpected rule changes were incorporated into the task design.

Main Results:

Negative feedback elicited greater activation in medial PFC/ACC and DL PFC compared to positive feedback.
Medial PFC/ACC showed peak activation following unexpected negative feedback (indicating prior performance was incorrect).
DLPFC exhibited peak activation following negative feedback that informed subsequent correct behavior.

Conclusions:

Differential activation patterns in medial PFC/ACC and DL PFC are linked to the informative value of performance feedback.
Medial PFC/ACC is crucial for signaling expectation violations.
DLPFC plays a key role in supporting goal-directed actions informed by feedback.