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Related Concept Videos

Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

Taste Buds and Receptors

Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
Gustation01:43

Gustation

Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.
The Physiology of Taste01:24

The Physiology of Taste

The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the diffusion of...
Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...

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Response characteristics of oral mechanosensory neurons in the mouse trigeminal ganglion.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Whole-Mount Staining, Visualization, and Analysis of Fungiform, Circumvallate, and Palate Taste Buds
07:40

Whole-Mount Staining, Visualization, and Analysis of Fungiform, Circumvallate, and Palate Taste Buds

Published on: February 11, 2021

Factors that regulate embryonic gustatory development.

Robin F Krimm1

  • 1Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA. robin.krimm@louisville.edu

BMC Neuroscience
|October 18, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This review explores molecular factors regulating peripheral taste system development, from epibranchial placode formation to gustatory neuron differentiation and axon guidance. Further research is needed to identify factors controlling taste bud and central nervous system development.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Whole-Mount Staining, Visualization, and Analysis of Fungiform, Circumvallate, and Palate Taste Buds
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Published on: August 14, 2015

Generation and Culture of Lingual Organoids Derived from Adult Mouse Taste Stem Cells
07:57

Generation and Culture of Lingual Organoids Derived from Adult Mouse Taste Stem Cells

Published on: April 5, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The peripheral taste system's development involves numerous molecular factors.
  • Its unique structure makes it ideal for studying developmental mechanisms, though it's underutilized.
  • Gustatory neurons are primarily derived from the epibranchial placode region.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review known molecular factors regulating gustatory development.
  • To highlight areas needing further investigation in taste system development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on molecular factors in gustatory development.
  • Focus on epibranchial placode formation, neuron differentiation, axon guidance, and papillae development.

Main Results:

  • Epibranchial placode differentiation is controlled by regulatory factors.
  • Gustatory neuron differentiation involves transcription factors and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), with neurotrophins regulating proliferation and cell death.
  • Axon outgrowth and guidance to the tongue epithelium are mediated by chemoattractants/repulsants like semaphorins and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).
  • Development of gustatory papillae involves Sox-2, Sonic hedgehog, and Wnt-beta-catenin signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Many factors regulate gustatory development, including placode formation, neuron differentiation, and axon guidance.
  • Factors controlling taste bud differentiation and central gustatory system development require further identification.
  • Potential overlap exists between factors regulating peripheral axon development and those in the central nervous system (CNS).