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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Subcellular localization of hepatitis E virus (HEV) replicase.

Shagufta Rehman1, Neeraj Kapur, Hemlata Durgapal

  • 1Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.

Virology
|October 2, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) replication occurs on the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. This study identified the viral replicase

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Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

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Published on: June 26, 2020

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
09:35

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a significant cause of viral hepatitis.
  • Understanding HEV replication mechanisms is crucial for developing antiviral strategies.
  • The intracellular site of HEV replication remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the subcellular localization of the HEV replicase.
  • To investigate the interaction of the HEV replicase with viral RNA.
  • To identify the cellular membranes involved in HEV replication.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a functional replicase-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion protein.
  • In vivo synthesis of negative-strand viral RNA using strand-specific anchored RT-PCR.
  • Subcellular co-localization studies using organelle-specific fluorophores and immuno-electron microscopy.
  • Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to assess protein-RNA interactions.
  • Deletion mutant analysis to identify membrane-localization domains.

Main Results:

  • The replicase-EGFP fusion protein demonstrated functional viral RNA synthesis in vivo.
  • FRET confirmed the interaction between the replicase and the 3' end of the HEV genome.
  • Subcellular localization studies revealed that the HEV replicase localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum membranes.
  • Deletion mutants identified specific regions of the replicase responsible for ER membrane association.

Conclusions:

  • The endoplasmic reticulum is identified as the primary site for HEV replicase localization.
  • These findings suggest that the endoplasmic reticulum is a key organelle for HEV replication.
  • This study provides critical insights into the molecular and cellular biology of HEV infection.