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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes
10:00

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes

Published on: March 24, 2015

Signalling pathways mediating type I interferon gene expression.

Michael R Edwards1, Louise Slater, Sebastian L Johnston

  • 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, MRC Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, St Marys Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK. michael.edwards@imperial.ac.uk

Microbes and Infection
|October 2, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type I interferons are crucial for antiviral immunity. This review summarizes key viral RNA sensing pathways and their signaling mechanisms, including novel kinase complexes, that regulate interferon-beta gene expression.

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Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
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Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes
10:00

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes

Published on: March 24, 2015

A High Resolution Method to Monitor Phosphorylation-dependent Activation of IRF3
11:44

A High Resolution Method to Monitor Phosphorylation-dependent Activation of IRF3

Published on: January 24, 2016

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
08:32

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are critical for host defense against viral infections.
  • The precise signaling pathways governing interferon-beta gene expression are complex and incompletely understood.
  • Interferon-beta has served as a model for studying inducible gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of viral RNA sensing mechanisms.
  • To summarize the signaling pathways involved in Type I interferon induction.
  • To highlight recent discoveries in the field of viral RNA recognition and interferon signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific publications.
  • Focus on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RNA helicases.
  • Analysis of signaling cascades involving IκB kinase-iota/epsilon (IKKi/ε) and TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1).

Main Results:

  • Discovery of specific viral RNA binding molecules as key sensors.
  • Identification of novel kinase complexes (IKKi/ε, TBK1) mediating signal transduction.
  • Elucidation of signaling pathways linking viral RNA detection to interferon gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Viral RNA sensing molecules and their associated pathways are central to innate antiviral immunity.
  • Recent advances have clarified previously controversial aspects of interferon-beta regulation.
  • This review consolidates current knowledge on these rapidly evolving signaling networks.