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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac output averages...
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
Pulse01:05

Pulse

The pulse is one of the most fundamental physiological indicators of the body's cardiovascular health. It is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the arterial walls in response to the pressure generated by the heart's pumping action.
Pulse Rate and its Significance
Pulse rate, often measured in beats per minute (bpm), reflects the heart rate (HR), which is influenced by numerous factors such as stress, physical activity, and hormonal changes. A normal resting adult pulse rate falls between...
Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be met...
Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation01:19

Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation

Assessing respiratory rate concurrently with pulse measurement is fundamental to patient care, providing valuable insights into the patient's respiratory function. The normal breathing rate for an adult usually falls within a normal range of 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Abnormal respiratory rates can signal underlying health conditions or the need for immediate intervention.
Ensuring accuracy in vital sign recordings while prioritizing patient comfort and minimizing anxiety is important. 

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
07:09

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Published on: February 20, 2017

Estimating stroke volume from oxygen pulse during exercise.

Antonio Crisafulli1, Francesco Piras, Paolo Chiappori

  • 1Department of Science Applied to Biological Systems, Section of Human Physiology, University of Cagliari, Italy. crisafulli@tiscali.it

Physiological Measurement
|October 2, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A new model estimates stroke volume (SV) during exercise using oxygen pulse (OP) and arterio-venous oxygen difference (a-vO(2)D). This method shows reasonable applicability for assessing SV in healthy individuals during physical exertion.

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Published on: February 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Reliable assessment of stroke volume (SV) during exercise is crucial for understanding cardiovascular function.
  • Existing methods for measuring SV during physical exertion can be invasive or complex.
  • Developing non-invasive and accurate methods for SV estimation during exercise is an ongoing research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate a novel model for estimating stroke volume (SV) during exercise.
  • To assess the reliability of using oxygen pulse (OP) and an estimated arterio-venous oxygen difference (a-vO(2)D) for SV calculation.
  • To compare the model's SV estimations with data obtained from impedance cardiography.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a predictive model for arterio-venous oxygen difference (a-vO(2)D(est)) based on exercise intensity.
  • Calculated stroke volume (SV) using the equation: SV = OP / a-vO(2)D(est).
  • Compared estimated SV values with those measured by impedance cardiography in 15 male cyclists during a graded exercise test.

Main Results:

  • The developed model demonstrated limits of agreement between 22.4 and -27.9 ml when compared to impedance cardiography.
  • The percentage difference between the estimated and measured SV ranged from +18.8% to -24%.
  • The model's predictions for a-vO(2)D showed a linear increase from 30% of arterial O(2) content at rest to 80% at peak workload.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed model for estimating stroke volume (SV) during exercise is reasonably applicable in healthy populations.
  • The combination of oxygen pulse and estimated arterio-venous oxygen difference provides a viable approach for SV assessment.
  • Further research may refine this model for broader clinical and research applications.