Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
Cellular Adaptation I: Introduction and Atrophy01:23

Cellular Adaptation I: Introduction and Atrophy

Cells can adapt to environmental changes to maintain function and avoid injury, a process called cellular adaptation. Adapted cells exist in a reversible intermediate state with changes in size, number, phenotype, metabolism, or function. These responses help cells meet altered physiological or pathological demands; for example, enlargement of breast and uterine tissues during pregnancy. Early adaptations may enhance function, but persistent stress eventually causes tissue damage.Types of...
Introduction to Learning01:18

Introduction to Learning

Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
In contrast to learned behaviors, unlearned behaviors such as crying, sexual...
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reducing stress and alcohol-related behaviors by targeting D1-CRHR1 receptor interactions in the amygdala.

Frontiers in pharmacology·2025
Same author

Sex and estrous cycle effects on stress-enhanced fear learning in Long-Evans rats.

Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)·2025
Same author

Cell type-specific multi-omics analysis of cocaine use disorder in the human caudate nucleus.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Correction: Impairment of cocaine-mediated behaviours in mice by clinically relevant Ras-ERK inhibitors.

eLife·2025
Same author

Beyond reconsolidation: The need for a broad theoretical approach in clinical translations of research on retrieval-induced plasticity.

Behavioral neuroscience·2024
Same author

Psilocybin administered following extinction sessions does not affect subsequent cocaine cue reinstatement in male and female rats and mice.

Neuroscience·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning
11:20

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

Published on: June 2, 2014

Cellular learning theory: theoretical comment on Cole and McNally (2007).

K Matthew Lattal1, Rick E Bernardi

  • 1Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. lattalm@ohsu.edu

Behavioral Neuroscience
|October 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Learning involves prediction errors, but brain mechanisms remain unclear. New research reveals distinct cellular processes for establishing and regulating these errors in fear conditioning, impacting memory theories.

More Related Videos

Closed-loop Neuro-robotic Experiments to Test Computational Properties of Neuronal Networks
11:18

Closed-loop Neuro-robotic Experiments to Test Computational Properties of Neuronal Networks

Published on: March 2, 2015

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning
11:20

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

Published on: June 2, 2014

Closed-loop Neuro-robotic Experiments to Test Computational Properties of Neuronal Networks
11:18

Closed-loop Neuro-robotic Experiments to Test Computational Properties of Neuronal Networks

Published on: March 2, 2015

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Associative learning theories emphasize prediction errors (discrepancy between expected and obtained outcomes).
  • Neurobiological underpinnings of predictive error learning in fear conditioning are not well understood.
  • Fear conditioning is a key model for studying memory's cellular and molecular mechanisms.

Discussion:

  • Cole and McNally's study reveals a cellular dissociation between establishing and regulating predictive errors.
  • Findings challenge existing views on NMDA and opioid receptor roles in learning and memory.
  • This work adds complexity to our understanding of memory formation and regulation.

Key Insights:

  • Distinct cellular mechanisms govern the initiation versus the control of predictive error signals.
  • NMDA and opioid receptors exhibit nuanced roles in fear conditioning beyond simple associative binding.
  • The research provides a cellular basis for understanding how prediction errors are processed in the brain.

Outlook:

  • Implications for theoretical models of learning and memory.
  • Informs neurobiological approaches to understanding reward learning and addiction.
  • Highlights the need for further investigation into specific cellular circuits involved in error signaling.