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Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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Published on: April 28, 2016

Output order in immediate serial recall.

Lydia Tan1, Geoff Ward

  • 1Department of Psychology, City University, London, England. lydia.tan.1@city.ac.uk

Memory & Cognition
|October 4, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Output order significantly impacts immediate serial recall (ISR). Free recall order enhances recency effects and reduces primacy effects, suggesting recall order influences memory retrieval.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Memory
  • Experimental Psychology

Background:

  • Immediate serial recall (ISR) is a fundamental measure of short-term memory capacity.
  • The influence of output order on recall performance remains an area of active investigation.
  • Previous research suggests list position affects recall accuracy, but the role of output sequence is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of output order on immediate serial recall performance.
  • To determine if cueing influences the effect of output order.
  • To examine the relationship between output order and the primacy/recency effects in ISR.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using immediate serial recall tasks.
  • Participants recalled word lists presented visually, using a response grid to indicate serial position.
  • Groups differed in precues or postcues regarding response order (forward, free, or postcued).

Main Results:

  • Significant effects of output order were observed on recall performance.
  • Free output order enhanced recency effects (better recall for later items) and diminished primacy effects (poorer recall for earlier items) compared to forward order.
  • Performance was superior for words recalled earlier in the sequence under free output conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Output order is a critical factor influencing the primacy and recency effects in immediate serial recall.
  • The accessibility of memory items is modulated by the sequence in which they are recalled.
  • These findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of memory retrieval in serial recall tasks.