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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Leishmaniasis01:30

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by species of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The parasite exists in two principal morphological forms during its life cycle. A sandfly acquires intracellular amastigotes from an infected reservoir host, such as a dog. Within the sandfly, these forms differentiate into motile, flagellated promastigotes. During a subsequent blood meal, promastigotes are injected into the human host, where they...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of Equus caballus IgE with its high-affinity receptor FcεRI
07:31

Development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of Equus caballus IgE with its high-affinity receptor FcεRI

Published on: November 1, 2014

Anaphylaxis to Hippobosca equina (louse fly).

Carmen Vidal1, Margarita Armisén, Borja Bartolomé

  • 1Allergy Service, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. carmen.vidal.pan@sergas.es

Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology
|October 4, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A rare case of anaphylaxis from a louse fly (Hippobosca equina) bite is detailed. Specific proteins in the fly may cause this IgE-mediated allergic reaction, with potential cross-reactivity to other insects.

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Area of Science:

  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Entomology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • IgE-mediated allergy to non-Hymenoptera insects is infrequently documented.
  • This study focuses on a rare case of severe allergic reaction to a louse fly bite.

Observation:

  • A previously healthy man experienced grade III anaphylaxis after a Hippobosca equina bite.
  • Diagnostic tests included skin prick tests and in vitro assays.

Findings:

  • Positive skin prick tests and specific IgE confirmed allergy to H. equina.
  • Immunoblotting revealed cross-reactivity with honeybee (Apis mellifera) and housefly (Musca domestica), potentially involving proteins around 15-16 kDa, similar to phospholipase A2.

Implications:

  • This case highlights H. equina as a potential allergen.
  • Understanding cross-reactivity can aid in diagnosing and managing insect allergies.
  • Specific molecular targets for H. equina allergy were identified.