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Is passive smoking associated with sleep disturbance among pregnant women?
Takashi Ohida1, Yoshitaka Kaneita, Yoneatsu Osaki
1Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan. tohida@med.nihon-u.ac.jp
Study Objective:
Pregnant women suffer from sleep disturbance, which may be aggravated by passive smoking. In this study we investigated the effects of passive smoking on sleep disturbance during pregnancy.
Design:
Two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys conducted in 2002 and 2006.
Setting:
Clinical institutions specializing in obstetrics and gynecology that participated in the nationwide surveys: 260 in the 2002 survey and 344 in the 2006 survey.
Participants:
16,396 and 19,386 pregnant women in Japan surveyed in 2002 and 2006, respectively.
Intervention:
N/A.
Measurements And Results:
Pregnant women exposed to passive smoking were likely to have sleep disturbances, such as subjective insufficient sleep, difficulty in initiating sleep, short sleep duration, and snoring loudly/breathing uncomfortably. Smoking pregnant women had the same sleep disturbances and also experienced excessive daytime sleepiness and early morning awakening. The prevalence of 5 types of sleep disturbance (insufficient sleep, difficulty in initiating sleep, short sleep duration, excessive daytime sleepiness, and snoring loudly/breathing uncomfortably) among nonsmokers with environmental tobacco smoke showed a mean value intermediate between that of active smokers and that of nonsmokers without environmental tobacco smoke.
Conclusion:
Passive smoking is independently associated with increased sleep disturbance during pregnancy.
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